Euxoa tristicula (Morrison, 1876)
93-3342
OR : Harney Co.
Steens Mt ridge, 8701 ft
42.7, -118.6
July 27, 1991, L. G. Crabo.
Specimen courtesy of LGCC
Photograph copyright: Merrill A. Peterson
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Similar Species
Euxoa silens "species-data"
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Identification
Adults
Euxoa tristicula is a large, pale gray Euxoa (FW length 16–19 mm) that comes in two forms, one with black markings on the collar and forewing and one that is plain without such marks. It flies in the eastern and southern portions of our region and in central British Columbia during late spring and summer. The ground color is pale grayish cream, usually with a warm tint but occasionally slightly bluish. The costa is slightly lighter and grayer. A dark gray shade is present medial to the subterminal line, darkest on the costa, contrasting with the light terminal area. The cell is variable, the ground color, slightly darker gray, or jet black. Specimens a very dark cell have a thick black basal dash the reaches the antemedial line. The transverse lines are very faint gray or are absent, double filled with the ground color. The antemedial line is usually visible on the mid-wing and on the costa. The median line is absent. The postmedial line is usually faint, dentate, smooth, bluntly curved around the reniform spot and slightly concave and angled toward the base below the cell. The subterminal line is pale gray, slightly irregular, faint. It is preceded by the aforementioned shade and sometimes a few dark short black wedges on the mid-forewing. The terminal line is a series of black spots. The fringe is concolorous with the terminal area. The claviform and reniform spots partially outlined in gray or black medially and laterally and both spots are filled with light gray similar to the costa. The orbicular spot is oval, exceeding the width of the cell anteriorly. The reniform spot is kidney-shaped, indistinct inferiorly where it exceeds the width of the cell. The claviform spot is absent or limited to a few black scales near the tip. The hindwing is pale tan off-white with slightly darker gray band on the outer third, darker gray veins, thin discal spot, and terminal line; the hindwing of females is similar with a slightly wider marginal band. The hindwing fringe is white with a light gray base. The head and thorax match the forewing ground color; specimens with black markings on the forewing have a thick black band across the mid-collar. The male antenna is bipectinate, tapering over the distal third. This species is placed in the subgenus Pleonectopoda. This subgenus is characterized by a subbasal twist or coil of the male vesica that is evident only when the vesica is inflated.
Euxoa tristicula can usually be identified by its relatively large size, pale gray-cream color, and relatively early flight season. The black-marked form is unmistakable. The immaculate form resembles the pale form of Euxoa silens, another relatively early-flying Euxoa. It is more silver-gray and has a dark terminal area unlike that of E. trisiticula, which is lighter than the subterminal area.
Euxoa is a very large genus with many similar species, many of which are also quite variable. The genus is defined by a saccular extension of the valves in males and sclerotized plates on the dorsal and ventral ductus bursae in females. The genus was revised by Lafontaine (1987) in the Moths of North America series and is divided into eight subgenera based on structural characters. These moths are among the most difficult to identify. Even though the forewing color and strength of various markings can vary significantly in some of the species, the shape of the lines and spots and the color of the hindwings (often different in the sexes) are more constant. The habitat and flight period are also important in helping to narrow the possibilities.
Habitat
This species is widely distributed in arid habitats at low elevations, including disturbed agricultural habitats. In the Pacific Northwest, it is usually uncommon on dry, open sagebrush steppe and in juniper woodlands at low to middle elevations east of the Cascades, but is somewhat more common in agricultural habitats such as alfalfa fields.
Distribution
Pacific Northwest
Euxoa tristicula has an unusual distribution in the interior of our region in that it is absent from much of Washington but is widely distributed in eastern Oregon and southern Idaho. It is only found in the Blue Mountains in southeastern Washington. It also occurs in eastern and south-central British Columbia.
Global
This species has a large distribution in North America and occurs in two disjunct areas (Lafontaine 1987). The western population extends south from southern Northwest Territories to central Arizona and southern California, reaching as far east as Manitoba and Minnesota. The eastern population is restricted to dune habitats in eastern Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Maine.
Life History
Larvae
This species is a soil-surface feeding cutworm that feeds on general herbaceous vegetation in such families as Fabaceae and Chenopodiaceae.
Adults
Adults have a long flight season and first appear in late spring, fairly early for a Euxoa. Records from our region are from late May to early August.
Economic Importance
This species is a minor agricultural pest in herbaceous crops such as alfalfa.
Literature
Lafontaine (1987)
